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The Book of Lord Shang
- Reform
It records how Shang Yang convinced
Duke Xiao of Qin
to adopt his philosophy.
- Agricultural Reclamation
Control your officers and traders, so that they cannot distract your people from agriculture.
- Agriculture and Warefare
Agriculture and warefare are the only core activities that matter.
- Eliminate strong characters
Eliminate strong characters, as they might distract the people from its core activities.
- Subjects management
The best way to govern your subjects is to use unscrupulous [but loyal] officers.
When your officers do not attract followers, your subjects will pay full attention to law.
- Understand your situation
Understand the strength and weakness of your country so that you can define your priorities appropriately.
- Expanding territories
Different times/situations call for different governing philosophy.
To build a war machine, as we need to at this moment, we need unity.
- Unity
Use administrative means to make sure that your people share your vision in agriculture and warefare.
- Establishing law
Establish strict but clear rules; reward obedience and punish rebels.
- Warfare assessment
This chapter outlines the conditions for initiating wars.
Cautious assessment is key.
- Establishing military foundation
To prepare for war, you need law to guide your people towards
producing food and weaponry.
- Organising your defence
This chapter explains in detail when and how to organize military defence.
- Strict orders
Orders must be followed strictly, starting on day one.
Use punishments to control your people; use rewards to encourage military involvements.
- Establishing authority
Establish law and order with your subordinates.
Build creditability between you and your subordinates.
But make sure that the king alone has the authority.
- Encourage immigration
Welcome immigrants from neighbouring countries by
(a) waiving their taxes for the first three years and
(b) waiving their military duties
(you don't earn these in the first place).
That's one way to weaken your neighbouring countries without military means.
Law and punishments (lost)
- Rewards and punishments
To govern, one needs rewards, punishments and education.
- Policies
Use policies to condition your people to crave for military services.
Families of deserters will all be punished; on the other hand,
members of all families will benefit from military successes by their soldier relatives.
- Within your border
Household registration is key.
It enables the king to organize its army and accurately assess military achievements.
- Weakening your people
Make sure that your people live in poverty.
Make them live in fear of your punishment.
Only then will they have no time to reflect and
work whole heartedly in agriculture and be willing to battle for you.
Defending against bandits (lost)
- External and internal affairs
Warfare is the most important external affair.
To motivate your people towards military services, you need high reward,
heavy punishment and reward no other services.
Agriculture is the most important internal affair.
To motivate your people towards agricultural activities, food prices must be kept high,
tax on other activities (such as trading) must be heavy.
- The king and his subordinates
People act according to their leader’s initiatives.
Make sure that only agriculture and military achievements are rewarded.
- Interdicts and encouragements
Punish those who do not strictly follow orders; reward those who do.
No personal judgements; assessments must be evidence-based.
You cannot monitor everyone everywhere. Make your people monitor each other.
If everyone has the same interests, then they will not be able to monitor each other.
- Attention to law enforcement
A kingdom will be in trouble as soon as you govern with righteous officers.
These officers will build up their cliques and promote each other.
They will distract your people from your core activities.
- Defining roles and duties
Write down your laws in simiple words so that everyone, from officers to
uneducated people can understand.
This way, your people will respect the law, and officers have not chance of
bending the law in order to take advantage of your people.
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《商君書》
- 更法
記錄商鞅如何取信於秦孝公
- 墾令
約制官員﹑商人，避免他們影響或剝削人民的生產力。
- 農戰
把全國精力放在農業和戰爭上，其他一切都不重要。
- 去強
去除強民：因為所謂賢良的人，有聰明才智、能言善辯的人會蠱惑民心，削弱國力。
- 說民
用[忠誠的]奸人治理民眾，只要民眾不愛戴官員，便會專注法律。
- 算地
明白國家的形勢、實力才能夠了解國家當前的政策需要。
- 開塞
不同的管理哲學適用於不同的形勢、環境。我們現在要的是戰爭機器，要的是上下一心。
- 壹言
強調要令人民集中注意力在農業和戰爭上，不求其他。
- 錯法
推行明確法治﹑賞罰分明。
- 戰法
分析在什麼情況下才可發動戰爭，判斷必須審慎。
- 立本
用兵前要建立三個根本：法治、民眾專心農耕、民眾養成作戰風氣。
- 兵守
分析如何組織防守軍隊。
- 靳令
君主的法令不容拖延，以刑治理國家，以賞激勵作戰。
- 修權
君臣共同維護法度，建立誠信，但只有君主可以獨掌權力。
- 徠民
教秦王如何招徠韓﹑魏兩鄰國人民加入秦國：
凡是各諸侯國來歸附的人，免除三代徭役賦稅，不用參加作戰。
這樣，不用耗費兵力，便可削弱敵國。
刑約 (軼)
- 賞刑
治理國家的辦法是統一獎賞﹑統一刑罰和統一教化。
- 畫策
想戰勝敵人，首先要令自己的子民自動支持戰爭。
民眾通常討厭戰爭，要用獎賞令他們雀躍地送家人上戰場，用刑罰令他們不敢接濟逃兵。
- 境內
境內戶籍登記要嚴格，有了戶籍登記，才可以組織軍隊及準確地衡量評審戰功。
- 弱民
經常保持國民活在貧窮﹑困苦﹑惶恐之中，這樣，他們便全心工作，無瑕反醒，并且死心為國打仗。
御盜 (軼)
- 外內
對外，戰爭最為重要，一定要按功行賞，重罰失敗，而且決不鼓勵戰爭以外任何活動。
對內，農耕最為重要，一定要保持農作物價高，行商和手工業稅重。
- 君臣
國民追隨國君的倡導，國君要保証只有農戰受到鼓勵。
- 禁使
重罰失職，獎賞有功。但決不能枉法，一切要依循證據。
君王無法監察一切，所以一定要子民利益互有衝突，誘使他們互相監察。
- 慎法
用所謂賢是良善、正直的人給你治國，必然亂國。因為這些人能服眾，自然會建立黨羽，或分散農戰注意力。
- 定分
法律要簡易﹑清晰﹑公開，令官吏﹑子民都明白了解。這樣，子民便會守法，官吏亦不能以法律欺負百姓。
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